Raising in Germany
Raising in Germany refers to the silversmithing technique of forming a hollow metal object, such as a vessel, from a flat sheet through controlled hammering. By progressively shaping the material over a stake or anvil, the metal is compressed and directed upward, allowing the creation of seamless three-dimensional forms. Raising is considered one of the fundamental techniques of silversmithing and has been practiced in the German lands for centuries.[1]
Historical Development
The technique of raising has been integral to metalworking traditions in the German territories since the medieval period, when silversmiths produced liturgical vessels, tableware, and ceremonial objects. Urban craft guilds (Zünfte) regulated the training of silversmiths and ensured the transmission of technical knowledge, including raising techniques.[2]
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, raised silver objects became increasingly elaborate, reflecting both technical mastery and artistic refinement. German silversmiths were known for producing intricately shaped vessels, often combining raised forms with additional decorative techniques such as engraving and repoussé.[3]
With the advent of industrial production in the 19th century, the role of hand-raising declined in mass manufacturing. However, the technique persisted in high-quality artisanal workshops and continues to be practiced in contemporary silversmithing.
Technique
Raising involves hammering a flat sheet of metal over a stake or anvil to gradually transform it into a hollow form. Unlike sinking, where the metal is stretched into a depression, raising compresses and thickens the material as it is worked.
The process is typically carried out in successive stages, with the metal being periodically annealed—heated and cooled—to restore ductility and prevent cracking. Each stage refines the shape, allowing for precise control over curvature and proportions.[4]
The direction and intensity of hammer blows are carefully controlled to guide the flow of the metal. Skilled practitioners are able to produce complex and symmetrical forms without the use of molds or seams.
Materials and Tools
Raising in Germany traditionally employs silver and silver alloys, although similar techniques may be applied to other metals such as copper or brass. The choice of material influences the working properties and the final appearance of the object.
Essential tools include raising hammers, stakes of various shapes, anvils, and annealing equipment. The selection of appropriate stakes is critical, as they determine the contours and surfaces of the raised form.
Cultural and Contemporary Context
Historically, raising was central to the production of high-value objects, including religious vessels, tableware, and decorative items. The technique allowed silversmiths to create seamless forms that combined structural integrity with aesthetic refinement.
In contemporary Germany, raising remains a key skill within silversmithing and metal arts. It is practiced in specialized workshops, educational institutions, and artistic contexts, where emphasis is placed on craftsmanship, material understanding, and the preservation of traditional techniques.
The continued use of raising reflects its importance as both a technical process and a means of artistic expression within the broader field of metalworking.[5]
References
- ↑ Untracht, Oppi. Metal Techniques for Craftsmen. New York: Doubleday, 1968.
- ↑ Epstein, S. R. Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
- ↑ Hayward, Helena. Virtuoso Goldsmiths and the Triumph of Mannerism. London: Sotheby’s Publications, 1976.
- ↑ Maryon, Herbert. Metalwork and Enamelling. London: Chapman & Hall, 1971.
- ↑ Deutsches Handwerksinstitut. Handwerk in Deutschland: Tradition und Zukunft. Berlin, 2015.
